Acad default print window no4/4/2023 ![]() Now uncheck the first four Layout Elements. If you want to change you AutoCAD Layout background color from the defaults go to Options>Display. The AutoCAD default white Layout background with paper and printable area background. But what if you just want a solid black background in Layout so that it looked like Modelspace or something easier on your eyes, here is the tip. As a follow-up to the posting How to Change the AutoCAD Layout Background Color in response to a Twitter request, I showed how to change the Layout paper background color. This approach can also incorporate recently introduced ideas of the archetypical states of cells within normal and cancerous tissues.Updating and this popular post from a year ago. We suggest how the relationship between the epigenetic landscape alterations and corresponding phenotypic changes can be quantitatively assessed and used to further understand the information transfer in signaling pathways and to develop new therapeutic interventions. We also discuss the molecular mechanisms enabling these scenarios, relating them to specific landscape transformations. Using recent observations and landscape conceptualization, we outline several scenarios that can occur during precancerous and cancerous progression. They also permit distinguishing phenotypic plasticity from phenotypic heterogeneity. Changes in entropy can also accompany cell differentiation and aging in ways that further inform cancer etiology. An increase in entropy and thus heterogeneity of the responses-rather than alteration of the average response-is emerging as a key and often overlooked feature of the landscape deformation in cancer pathogenesis. Cancer-related genetic and epigenetic alterations can increase the entropy of the landscape as a whole and result in higher variability and occupancy of otherwise cryptic attractors. ![]() These measures, which we define in detail, enable a precise and quantitative definition of the underlying epigenetic landscapes, coordinately reflected by gene expression landscapes. ![]() This analysis has also enabled assessment of the probability distributions of different cellular states, or quasipotential energy, and the use of these to determine the associated entropy, a measure of informational uncertainty. This revelation suggests that the biological processes may be essentially stochastic and that biological variability on the cellular level can be indicative of-or even drive-important aspects of biological function. In this work, we expand on the emerging view that there is considerable variability in the expression of biological molecules even within presumably isogenic cells in normal homeostatic tissues or in well-defined cell lines in cell culture. ![]() Recent developments in experimental technologies, including single cell–resolution analysis of mRNA and protein expression as well as molecular assays of epigenetic modifications of DNA and histones, have enriched our understanding of the diversity of phenotypic states defined by genomic information and epigenetic control. Such approaches are particularly appealing in describing the cancer epigenetic landscape given that the plasticity of cell states realized on such a landscape lies at the functional core of the disease. In the physical sciences, potential energy landscapes and their relationships to the probability distribution of physical or chemical states have been developed and refined for decades, but they have only recently been applied to more quantitatively realize Waddington’s classical landscape idea. More recently, cancer onset and progression have been viewed as a reversal or deformation of this landscape. Dating back to Conrad Waddington’s prescient work, epigenetic change has been viewed schematically as a developmental landscape that can channel specific differentiation events and define and constrain distinct phenotypic and gene expression states. The information about the repertoire of normal differentiation outcomes is genetically encoded, but the information about the particular realization of this potential and cell regulation in response to the environment is encoded epigenetically in DNA methylation and biochemical modification of chromatin. Cancerous cells and tissues violate this property, adopting increased plasticity of cell states, tissue structure, and function during their progression. During differentiation, living cells within complex organisms adopt phenotypic states of progressive specificity. ![]()
0 Comments
Leave a Reply.AuthorWrite something about yourself. No need to be fancy, just an overview. ArchivesCategories |